Quantum routing of information using chiral quantum walks

We address routing of classical and quantum information over quantum network, and show how to exploit chirality to achieve nearly optimal and robust transport. In particular, we prove how continuous time chiral quantum walks over a minimal graph may be used to model directional transfer and routing of information over a network. At first, we show how classical information, encoded onto an excitation localized at one vertex of a simple graph, may be sent to any other chosen location with nearly unit fidelity by tuning a single phase. Then, we prove that high-fidelity transport is also possible for coherent superpositions of states, i.e. for routing of quantum information. Furthermore, we show that by tuning the phase parameter one obtains universal quantum routing, i.e. indipendent on the input state. In our scheme, chirality is governed by a single phase, and the routing probability is robust against fluctuations of this parameter. Finally, we address characterization of quantum routers and show how to exploit the self energies of the graph to achieve high precision in estimating the phase parameter.Comment: This paper has been submitted to the Jonathan P. Dowling Memorial Special Issue of AVS QUANTUM SCIENCE (https://publishing.aip.org/publications/journals/special-topics/aqs/

The Potrerillos granite of the precordillera of Jagüe, La Rioja: Petrological, geochemical and geochronological characterization

El Granito Potrerillos aflora en un área compleja en la que se relacionan distintas provincias geológicas, en el extremo norte de la Precordillera. Intruye a metasedimentitas ordovícicas cerca del límite tectónico con el basamento metamórfico de las Sierras Pampeanas Occidentales. Por el suroeste es afectado por la 'faja de deformación de Jagüé'. Está compuesto por monzonitas y granodioritas y subordinados granitos, granitos alcalinos, tonalitas, dioritas, sienodioritas y gabros. Es un plutón de emplazamiento somero, tipo I, calcoalcalino con cierta tendencia alcalina, peraluminoso a metaluminoso y rico en potasio. En el diagrama de tierras raras no se registra anomalía de Eu. Los valores levemente positivos de εNd indican una derivación a partir de una corteza poco evolucionada. Las características petrológicas y geoquímicas son consistentes con un ambiente tectónico de arco volcánico relacionado a subducción en un margen continental activo. Las edades U-Pb en circones obtenidas en tres muestras sitúan al magmatismo principal en el Carbonífero Temprano. Una de las muestras analizadas presenta cristales con núcleos discordantes más antiguos, que pueden corresponder a cristales tempranos reabsorbidos antes de su incorporación al pulso magmático principal por asimilación y/o mingling. Este granito fue considerado dentro del cinturón magmático Gondwánico de la Cordillera Frontal, sin embargo los datos isotópicos y su deformación indican que la actividad magmática principal ha sido previa a las fases tectónicas Río Blanco y San Rafael. Considerando las características de campo, signatura geoquímica y composición, puede también ubicarse entre los granitoides tardío a postectónicos respecto de la orogenia Famatiniana (fase Chánica).The Potrerillos Granite crops out in a complex tectonic area related with different geological provinces, in the northern Precordillera. The pluton intrudes Ordovician metasedimentary sequence near the tectonic boundary with the Western Pampean Ranges mesoproterozoic basement. To the southwest, it is affected by the 'Jagüé shear belt'. The pluton is composed by monzonites and granodiorites and subordinated granites, alkaline-granites, tonalites, diorites, sienodiorites and gabbros. It is a shallow I-type granitoid, calc-alkaline with some alkaline tendency, showing peraluminous to metaaluminous and potassium-rich geochemical characteristics. In the REE diagram the samples record absence of a Eu anomaly. The slightly positive values of eNd indicate a derivation from a less evolved crust. The petrologic and geochemical signatures are consistent with a subduction-related volcanic arc tectonic setting in an active continental margin. U-Pb zircon ages obtained for three samples place the main magmatism in the Early Carboniferous. One of the analyzed samples has crystals with discordant nuclei with older age, which may correspond to crystals formed early and reabsorbed before joining the main magmatic pulse by assimilation and/or mingling. This Granite was considered within the Gondwanic magmatic cycle of the Frontal Cordillera; however the isotopic data and its deformation show that the main magmatic activity was developed before the Rio Blanco and San Rafael tectonic phases. Considering the field relationships, geochemical signature and composition, it can also be assigned to the set of late to postectonic granitoids developed during the Famatinian orogeny (Chanic phase).Centro de Investigaciones Geológica

The Potrerillos granite of the precordillera of Jagüe, La Rioja: Petrological, geochemical and geochronological characterization

El Granito Potrerillos aflora en un área compleja en la que se relacionan distintas provincias geológicas, en el extremo norte de la Precordillera. Intruye a metasedimentitas ordovícicas cerca del límite tectónico con el basamento metamórfico de las Sierras Pampeanas Occidentales. Por el suroeste es afectado por la 'faja de deformación de Jagüé'. Está compuesto por monzonitas y granodioritas y subordinados granitos, granitos alcalinos, tonalitas, dioritas, sienodioritas y gabros. Es un plutón de emplazamiento somero, tipo I, calcoalcalino con cierta tendencia alcalina, peraluminoso a metaluminoso y rico en potasio. En el diagrama de tierras raras no se registra anomalía de Eu. Los valores levemente positivos de εNd indican una derivación a partir de una corteza poco evolucionada. Las características petrológicas y geoquímicas son consistentes con un ambiente tectónico de arco volcánico relacionado a subducción en un margen continental activo. Las edades U-Pb en circones obtenidas en tres muestras sitúan al magmatismo principal en el Carbonífero Temprano. Una de las muestras analizadas presenta cristales con núcleos discordantes más antiguos, que pueden corresponder a cristales tempranos reabsorbidos antes de su incorporación al pulso magmático principal por asimilación y/o mingling. Este granito fue considerado dentro del cinturón magmático Gondwánico de la Cordillera Frontal, sin embargo los datos isotópicos y su deformación indican que la actividad magmática principal ha sido previa a las fases tectónicas Río Blanco y San Rafael. Considerando las características de campo, signatura geoquímica y composición, puede también ubicarse entre los granitoides tardío a postectónicos respecto de la orogenia Famatiniana (fase Chánica).The Potrerillos Granite crops out in a complex tectonic area related with different geological provinces, in the northern Precordillera. The pluton intrudes Ordovician metasedimentary sequence near the tectonic boundary with the Western Pampean Ranges mesoproterozoic basement. To the southwest, it is affected by the 'Jagüé shear belt'. The pluton is composed by monzonites and granodiorites and subordinated granites, alkaline-granites, tonalites, diorites, sienodiorites and gabbros. It is a shallow I-type granitoid, calc-alkaline with some alkaline tendency, showing peraluminous to metaaluminous and potassium-rich geochemical characteristics. In the REE diagram the samples record absence of a Eu anomaly. The slightly positive values of eNd indicate a derivation from a less evolved crust. The petrologic and geochemical signatures are consistent with a subduction-related volcanic arc tectonic setting in an active continental margin. U-Pb zircon ages obtained for three samples place the main magmatism in the Early Carboniferous. One of the analyzed samples has crystals with discordant nuclei with older age, which may correspond to crystals formed early and reabsorbed before joining the main magmatic pulse by assimilation and/or mingling. This Granite was considered within the Gondwanic magmatic cycle of the Frontal Cordillera; however the isotopic data and its deformation show that the main magmatic activity was developed before the Rio Blanco and San Rafael tectonic phases. Considering the field relationships, geochemical signature and composition, it can also be assigned to the set of late to postectonic granitoids developed during the Famatinian orogeny (Chanic phase).Centro de Investigaciones Geológica

Curva de dilución e índice de nutrición nitrogenada para Digitaria eriantha cv. Irene bajo diferentes regímenes de agua y nitrógeno

Los principales factores ambientales que influyen sobre la productividad de las pasturas son las condiciones de humedad y la disponibilidad de nitrógeno en el suelo. La temperatura también es una de las causas de fluctuación estacional en la producción de biomasa. En Digitaria son insuficientes los estudios relacionados con la dinámica de la nutrición con N bajo diferentes niveles de fertilización nitrogenada y condiciones hídricas del suelo. Se propone obtener la curva de dilución nitrogenada teórica y experimentales; estimar el Índice de Nutrición Nitrogenada (INN) y evaluarlo en relación con los Grados Días de Crecimiento (GDC) durante dos ciclos de crecimiento para Digitaria eriantha cv. Irene sujeta a condiciones naturales y potenciales de aporte en agua y nitrógeno en primavera-verano. Entre noviembre de 2007 y febrero de 2009, se evaluaron dos niveles de humedad en suelo: condición natural (CN) y capacidad de campo (CC). En CN se aplicaron dos niveles de N: 0 (CN0) y 150 kg.ha-1 (CN150); y en CC 3 niveles de N: 0 (CC0), 150 (CC150) y 300 kg.ha-1 (CC300). Se obtuvo la curva de dilución de N, la concentración crítica y teórica de N, el índice de nutrición nitrogenada, y se estimaron las curvas de acumulación de nitrógeno experimental en relación con los GDC. El aporte de nitrógeno al suelo aumentó la concentración de N en la biomasa para los dos ciclos y las dos estaciones estudiadas. En ambas estaciones las curvas con menores aportes de N (CN0 y CC0) fueron las que produjeron menor biomasa, aun con adecuada disponibilidad hídrica. Sin embargo, con el aporte adecuado de N, el agua pasa a ser el factor limitante (CN150). Los valores menores de INN se obtuvieron en los tratamientos sin aporte de N. La acumulación de nitrógeno se incrementó con el aumento de los grados día tanto en primavera como en verano. Los valores máximos de acumulación se alcanzaron alrededor de los 500 GDC, indistintamente al tratamiento. Para esta especie y en las condiciones ambientales descriptas los niveles adecuados de acumulación de nitrógeno en planta dependen de la disponibilidad de N en el suelo. La disponibilidad de N para la planta tiene mayor efecto cuando hay agua disponible en el suelo. La combinación de ambos factores sinergiza sus efectos individuales. En ambas estaciones se alcanzaron valores de acumulación de temperatura suficientes para que la planta pueda obtener un nivel adecuado de nitrógeno, efecto condicionado a la disponibilidad de N y a la humedad en el suelo.The main environmental factors that influence the productivity of pastures are the water condition and the availability of nitrogen in the soil. Temperature is also cause seasonal fluctuation in biomass production. In Digitaria there are insufficient studies that relate dynamics of nutrition with N under different levels of nitrogen fertilization and soil water condition. It is proposed to obtain the curve of theoretical and experimental nitrogen dilution; estimating the nitrogen nutrition index (INN) and to evaluate the degrees relative to days of growth (GDC), for two cycles of growth Digitaria eriantha cv. Irene subject to natural and potential conditions contribution to water and nitrogen in spring and summer. Two soil moisture levels were evaluated: natural condition (CN) and field capacity (CC) between November 2007 and February 2009.Two levels of N input were applied in CN 0 (CN0) y 150 kg.ha-1 (CN150), and three levels of N input were applied en CC 0 (CC0), 150 (CC150) y 300 kg.ha-1 (CC300).Dilution curve, critical and theoretical N concentration, nitrogen nutrition index were obtained. Also, nitrogen accumulation curves related to growing degree days. The input of nitrogen to the soil increased the N concentration in biomass in both cycles and for the two seasons evaluated. In both seasons curves with lower N inputs (CN0 and CC0) were those that produced less biomass, even with sufficient water availability. However, with adequate supply of N, water becomes the limiting factor (CN150). Lower values of INN were obtained in the treatments without any application of N. The accumulation of nitrogen increased with increasing degree days in spring and summer. The maximum value of accumulation is reached around 500 GDC, regardless of treatment. For this species and the environmental conditions described, adequate levels of accumulation of nitrogen in plant dependent on the availability of N in the soil. The availability of N for the plant has more effect when there is water available in the soil. The combination of both factors synergizes their individual effects. In both seasons accumulation values were reached sufficient temperature for the plant to obtain an adequate level of nitrogen, subject to the availability of N and soil moisture effect.EEA San LuisFil: Frigerio, Karina Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Blanco, Estela Mary. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Privitello, Liliana. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Panza, Alberto Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Frasinelli, Carlos Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; Argentin

The espinal formation in the outcrops near the northern limit within the pampean ranges and the precordillera of Jagüé, La Rioja (Argentina)

Se analizan los afloramientos de la Formación Espinal en el margen occidental de la Sierra de Toro Negro, al norte del Bolsón de Jagüé, La Rioja, cerca del límite tectónico con los afloramientos de la denominada Precordillera de Jagüé. Esta unidad corresponde al basamento de medio a alto grado de Sierras Pampeanas Occidentales. Se presentan datos de petrografía, geoquímica y una edad U-Pb TIMS en circones detríticos de 905 +14/-13 Ma, (MSWD = 0,74; discordia) ligeramente más joven que otras edades obtenidas para esta unidad pero aun comparables con las del ciclo Grenvilliano. Las litologías predominantes son gneises y esquistos anfibólicos, granatíferos y biotíticos con evidencias de retrogradación. La composición y textura de las muestras son coherentes con un origen sedimentario e ígneo para estos afloramientos. Estas rocas se distinguen de aquellas del basamento de la Precordillera-Cuyania principalmente por el mayor grado metamórfico.The outcrops of the Espinal Formation in the western margin of the Toro Negro Range, north of the Bolsón de Jagüé, La Rioja, near the tectonic limit with the outcrop of the Precordillera of Jagüé are analyzed. This unit corresponds to the medium to high grade metamorphic basement of the Western Pampean Ranges. Petrography, geochemistry and a U-Pb TIMS age on detrital circóns of 905 +14/-13 Ma, (MSWD = 0,74; discordia)are presented. This age is slightly younger than others obtained for this unit but still comparable with the Grenvillian cicle. The dominant lithologies are amphibolic, granatiferous and biotitic gneises and schists with evidences of retrogradation. The composition and texture of the samples points to a sedimentary and igneous origin for these outcrops. These rocks distinguishes from the ones that forms the basement of the Precordillera-Cuyania, mainly because the higher metamorphic grade.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoCentro de Investigaciones Geológica

The espinal formation in the outcrops near the northern limit within the pampean ranges and the precordillera of Jagüé, La Rioja (Argentina)

Se analizan los afloramientos de la Formación Espinal en el margen occidental de la Sierra de Toro Negro, al norte del Bolsón de Jagüé, La Rioja, cerca del límite tectónico con los afloramientos de la denominada Precordillera de Jagüé. Esta unidad corresponde al basamento de medio a alto grado de Sierras Pampeanas Occidentales. Se presentan datos de petrografía, geoquímica y una edad U-Pb TIMS en circones detríticos de 905 +14/-13 Ma, (MSWD = 0,74; discordia) ligeramente más joven que otras edades obtenidas para esta unidad pero aun comparables con las del ciclo Grenvilliano. Las litologías predominantes son gneises y esquistos anfibólicos, granatíferos y biotíticos con evidencias de retrogradación. La composición y textura de las muestras son coherentes con un origen sedimentario e ígneo para estos afloramientos. Estas rocas se distinguen de aquellas del basamento de la Precordillera-Cuyania principalmente por el mayor grado metamórfico.The outcrops of the Espinal Formation in the western margin of the Toro Negro Range, north of the Bolsón de Jagüé, La Rioja, near the tectonic limit with the outcrop of the Precordillera of Jagüé are analyzed. This unit corresponds to the medium to high grade metamorphic basement of the Western Pampean Ranges. Petrography, geochemistry and a U-Pb TIMS age on detrital circóns of 905 +14/-13 Ma, (MSWD = 0,74; discordia)are presented. This age is slightly younger than others obtained for this unit but still comparable with the Grenvillian cicle. The dominant lithologies are amphibolic, granatiferous and biotitic gneises and schists with evidences of retrogradation. The composition and texture of the samples points to a sedimentary and igneous origin for these outcrops. These rocks distinguishes from the ones that forms the basement of the Precordillera-Cuyania, mainly because the higher metamorphic grade.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MuseoCentro de Investigaciones Geológica

A novel uncoupled quasi-3D Euler-Euler model to study the spiral jet mill micronization of pharmaceutical substances at process scale: model development and validation

In this work we present a novel approach to model the micronization of pharmaceutical ingredients at process scales and times. 3D single-phase fluid-dynamics simulations are used to compute the gas velocity field within a spiral jet mill which are provided as input in a 1D compartmentalized model to calculate solid velocities along the radial direction. The particles size reduction is taken into account through a breakage kernel that is function of gas energy and local solid holdup. Simulation results are validated against micronization experiments for lactose and paracetamol, comparing the model predictions with D10, D50 and D90 diameters values coming from Design of Experiments isosurfaces. The developed model allows for a fair estimation of the outlet particle size distribution in a short computational time, with very good predictions especially for D90 values

Efecto del momento de quemado de centeno utilizado como cultivo de cobertura sobre propiedades edáficas, malezas y rendimiento de maíz

During the last decade, the Pampean Semarid Region showed an increase in cropping area by including soils of low aptitude which, in consequence, became degraded. Cover crops are a tool that can minimize such edaphic degradation and offset the carbon balance. This work's objective was to evaluate the effect of three drying dates (DD) of rye, as cover crop (CC), on water use efficiency (WUE) and biomass production of the CC, soil content of available water and nitrate, and the presence of weeds in and grain yield of a maize successor crop. The field trial was conducted at the Experimental Station INTA Anguil, La Pampa, and the DD assayed for the CC were july, august and september. Results showed that CC biomass production and WUE were higher for drying in August and September as compared to that done in july. Contents of available water and nitrate in the soil profile, as well as maize grain yield, were significantly reduced with the delay of CC drying. There was no difference in the amount of weeds present in maize crop among v6 and v8 phenological stages, and neither in maize grain yield, whether or not herbicides were applied. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/semiarida.2016(01).11-18Durante la última década se incrementó la superficie agrícola, que incluyó el uso de suelos poco aptos y su consecuente degradación en la Región Semiárida Pampeana. Los cultivos de cobertura son una herramienta que puede minimizar tal degradación y compensar el balance de carbono. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres momentos de quemado de un cultivo de cobertura (CC) como el centeno, sobre el aporte de biomasa del CC, el contenido hídrico y el nitrato del suelo, la presencia de malezas en el cultivo sucesor y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz. La experiencia se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil, INTA. Se realizaron determinaciones de agua útil y nitrato en el perfil del suelo, eficiencia del uso del agua (EUA) y producción de biomasa aérea del CC, recuento de malezas y rendimiento de grano en el cultivo maíz (sucesor) para tres momentos de quemado de los CC. Los resultados mostraron una mayor producción de biomasa aérea del CC y una mayor EUA en agosto y septiembre que en julio. El contenido de agua y nitrato en el perfil del suelo disminuyó cuanto más se demoró el momento de quemado (MQ), afectando negativamente el rendimiento de maíz. No hubo diferencias en la cantidad malezas presentes en el cultivo, entre los estados v6 y v8, ni en el rendimiento de maíz por la aplicación o no de herbicidas.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/semiarida.2016(01).11-1

A fast and cost-effective approach to develop and map EST-SSR markers: oak as a case study

Background: Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are a source of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) that can be used to develop molecular markers for genetic studies. The availability of ESTs for Quercus robur and Quercus petraea provided a unique opportunity to develop microsatellite markers to accelerate research aimed at studying adaptation of these long-lived species to their environment. As a first step toward the construction of a SSR-based linkage map of oak for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, we describe the mining and survey of EST-SSRs as well as a fast and cost-effective approach (bin mapping) to assign these markers to an approximate map position. We also compared the level of polymorphism between genomic and EST-derived SSRs and address the transferability of EST-SSRs in Castanea sativa (chestnut). Results: A catalogue of 103,000 Sanger ESTs was assembled into 28,024 unigenes from which 18.6% presented one or more SSR motifs. More than 42% of these SSRs corresponded to trinucleotides. Primer pairs were designed for 748 putative unigenes. Overall 37.7% (283) were found to amplify a single polymorphic locus in a reference fullsib pedigree of Quercus robur. The usefulness of these loci for establishing a genetic map was assessed using a bin mapping approach. Bin maps were constructed for the male and female parental tree for which framework linkage maps based on AFLP markers were available. The bin set consisting of 14 highly informative offspring selected based on the number and position of crossover sites. The female and male maps comprised 44 and 37 bins, with an average bin length of 16.5 cM and 20.99 cM, respectively. A total of 256 EST-SSRs were assigned to bins and their map position was further validated by linkage mapping. EST-SSRs were found to be less polymorphic than genomic SSRs, but their transferability rate to chestnut, a phylogenetically related species to oak, was higher. Conclusion: We have generated a bin map for oak comprising 256 EST-SSRs. This resource constitutes a first step toward the establishment of a gene-based map for this genus that will facilitate the dissection of QTLs affecting complex traits of ecological importance